Degrad. Sci. The supernatant from the culture broth of strain ND-11 degraded completely the emulsified nylon 4 in 24 h and produced -aminobutyric acid (GABA) as degradation product [91]. Petroleum-derived (petro-)polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are extremely recalcitrant to natural biodegradation pathways. reported that PEC was degraded enzymatically in the peritoneal cavity of rats, but not with poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) [75]. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00896-10. (2014). There are approximately 21 million tons of PS produced worldwide in 2013 (Yang et al., 2015a, b). Properties, synthesis, and applications. PS materials used in these studies range from pure PS or modified PS to PS blended with other polymers. Biodegradability of plastics is affected by both their chemical and physical properties. It was evident that polymer blends containing PHB usually showed improved properties and biodegradability when compared with pure PHB [64]. The batter is baked in moulds which hardens it. The company also recognises the changing needs of the market, thus, it introduces eco-friendly / biodegradable food packaging products to augment the needs of the consumers. (1991). Enzymatic hydrolysis of polylactic acid. Rather, both the insect digestive system and the larval gut microbiome are required to achieve accelerated biodegradation of the PE polymers. PEA was degraded in 120 h at high cell concentrations. The enzymatic degradation occurs in two stages: adsorption of enzymes on the polymer surface, followed by hydro-peroxidation/hydrolysis of the bonds. There are approximately 21 million tons of PS produced worldwide in 2013 (Yang et al., 2015a, b). At Bakey's millet based dough is poured into metallic moulds and baked at 280C (540F) for about 28 minutes which hardens it.[15]. It is necessary to investigate the distribution and population of polymer-degrading microorganisms in various ecosystems. Furthermore, the susceptibility of PCL films to R. arrhizus lipase decreased with increase in draw ratio. Enjoy a free drink on us when you purchase Huggs tumble. (1978). Metabolic response of Pseudomonas putida during redox biocatalysis in the presence of a second octanol phase. Int. Acta 1647, 98102. Sci. Minimises packaging waste, i.e. Mater. On the other hand, MATPS is not effective for PLA/starch blends. Different blends of PHB have been performed with biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers and polysaccharides. B., Hilliard, N. P., and Howard, G. T. (1999). doi: 10.1002/bit.24930, Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R. C., and Thiel, M. (2012). Degradation of different polystyrene/thermoplastic starch blends buried in soil. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02062-12, Muller, R.-J., Kleeberg, I., and Deckwer, W.-D. (2001). Biodegrad. The resulting smaller polymer fragments are susceptible to biodegradation and, abiotic degradation precedes biodegradation. Prior to the widespread applications of biodegradable plastics, it is important to evaluate and understand the mechanisms involved and the microorganisms that are associated with biodegradation. Recycle leftover goodies and old running shoes. Technol. B 364, 19851998. By donating us $100, $50 or subscribe to Boosting $10/month we can get this article and others in front of tens of thousands of specially targeted readers. The gut microbes in insects have also been found to depolymerize PE, PS and PVC polymers. Bento Box and Udon Bowl; Sugarcane Sushi Trays; Sushi Trays; Sushi Party Trays; CUPS, LIDS AND SUPPLIES . BYO container for 50 off your meal; disposable cutleries for takeaways are only provided upon request. Thermoplastics, in Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites, 4th Edn, ed. Environ. Land reclamation site for Central piers, Hong Kong. Res. Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Thermomonospora fusca and other thermophilic compost isolates. In-house cafeteria only uses ceramic mugs for beverages (no plastic straws) and metal spoons for consuming ice-creams. The distribution of PEC (Mn 50,000)-degrading microorganisms seems to be limited, although PPC (Mn 50,000) appears to be non-biodegradable. As restaurants limit opening hours and seating capacities during the pandemic, people rely on takeaway options and the amount of plastic containers and cutleries used and disposed of has only soared. Chemosphere 262:127818. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127818, Yang, S.-S., Brandon, A. M., Andrew Flanagan, J. C., Yang, J., Ning, D., Cai, S.-Y. In some cases, the enzymes expressed by these microbes have been cloned and sequenced. Polym. Degrad. The percentage of PEC-degrading microorganisms among total colonies ranged from 0.2% to 5.7% [76]. PET is used in a wide-variety of applications, such as in manufacturing bottles, containers, textile fibers, and films. Yoon, M. G., Jeon, J. H., and Kim, M. N. (2012). Microbiol. (2018b). Hydrolysis of plant cuticle by plant pathogens. Furthermore, at high temperatures, PP is oxidized. *Correspondence: David B. Levin, david.levin@umanitoba.ca, New Microbial Isolates from Hostile Environments: Perspectives for a Cleaner Future, View all danny phantom fanfiction danny abandoned crossover. Encourages customers to bring their own insulated cooler bags for take-home gelato pints, Provides sufficient packaging necessary for take-home pints, charges a Green Fee for extra packaging requested, Encourages customers to reuse or donate clean retail bags. Enzymes specifically associated with depolymerization of PET and ester-based PU have been identified and intensively studied, while enzymes that effectively depolymerize PE, PP, PS, and PVC have not yet been identified and characterized. Instead, you can persist on only using phosphate-free detergents and soaps. Li et al. Lifestyle app for sustainable living in Singapore. Sci. Among these enzymes, proteinase K from Tritirachium album was the most effective for PLA degradation. Environ. doi: 10.1128/AEM.04111-14, Ribitsch, D., Heumann, S., Trotscha, E., Acero, E. H., Greimel, K., Leber, R., et al. 31, 17541767. Environ. A class of multi-copper enzymes, known as Laccase enzymes (phenol oxidases), expressed by Rodococcus rubber, have also been shown to play an important role in PE biodegradation (Santo et al., 2013). Enjoy $1 off your drink when you BYO with UOB EVOL Card (30 off for regular BYO). doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.07.008, El-Sayed, A. H. M. M., Mahmoud, W. M., Davis, E. M., and Coughlin, R. W. (1996). doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A., Arajo, R., Casal, M., Guebitz, G., and Cavaco-Paulo, A. You can now borrow and return eco-stylish reusable cups and food boxes to and from 80+ outlets across Singapore. Several proteinous materials such as silk fibroin, elastin, gelatin and some peptides and amino acids were found to stimulate the production of enzymes from PLA-degrading microorganisms [5054]. The waters surrounding Hong Kong have been part of the dolphins habitat for centuries, with recorded sightings going back to the Tang Dynasty. doi: 10.1016/0964-8305(93)90002-J, Ali, M. I., Ahmed, S., Javed, I., Ali, N., Atiq, N., Hameed, A., et al. (2017). This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Several investigators have shown that the rate of biodegradation of PS foams and films can be improved by using the polymer-starch blends, which accelerates the structural molecular changes (Jasso et al., 1998; Schlemmer et al., 2009; Pushpadass et al., 2010; Nikolic et al., 2013). Since then, a number of research studies dealing with microbial and enzymatic degradation of PLA have been published [49]. Environmental News, Data Analysis, Research & Policy Solutions. Reel 100% bamboo toilet paper whitened using elemental chlorine-free (ECF) no inks, dyes, or BPA plastic-free. In 2017, Zero Waste SG started the Bring Your Own (BYO) Singapore movement where 430 retail outlets offered incentives to customers who bring their own reusable bags, bottles or containers. Subsequently, Nakajima-Kambe et al. The purified PLA depolymerase from Amycolatopsis sp. Rep. 9:2612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39366-0, Kataoka, M., Sasaki, M., Hidalgo, A. R., Nakano, M., and Shimizu, S. (2001). Pranamuda H, Tokiwa Y, Tanaka H. Microbial degradation of an aliphatic polyester with a high melting point, poly(tetramethylene succinate). Effect of the agitation on the adsorption and hydrolytic efficiency of cutinases on polyethylene terephthalate fibres. doi: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0335, Montazer, Z., Habibi Najafi, M. B., and Levin, D. B. $1 charge for retail bags. However, it was reported that lower molecular weight PE oligomers (MW = 600800) was partially degraded by Acinetobacter sp. Read about their Kick The Bag Campaign. More importantly, through blending, other less expensive polymers could be incorporated with one another. Photo by: Piqsels. We provide premium quality palm leaf products such as plates, bowls, trays and cutleries to retail, cafes, All the tissue below is biodegradable and septic safe too! ), and types of enzymes (intracellular and extracellular enzyme, exo- or endo- cleavage types). Chem. Technol. Int. Polym. Biochim. J. Imai et al. Annu. (2003). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1718804115, Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., and Fauziah, S. H. (2017). Can. Within the past decade, the volume of private cars has increased by almost a third, contributing massive amounts of carbon emissions in the city. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7992-8, Ward, P. G., Goff, M., Donner, M., Kaminsky, W., and OConnor, K. E. (2006). Extensive degradation of plastic waste generates microplastic (particles with a size smaller than 5 mm) (Zheng et al., 2005; Shah et al., 2008; do Sul and Costa, 2014). Degradation of plastics by microbial and/or enzymatic means is a promising strategy to depolymerize waste petro-plastics into monomers for recycling, or mineralize them into carbon dioxide, water, and new biomass, with concomitant production of higher-value bioproducts (Grima et al., 2000; Montazer et al., 2019, 2020a).Biodegradation of plastics involves excretion of As for 2021, the number of private motor vehicles registered in Hong Kong reaches up to 657,000, nearly 30,000 more vehicles compared to the previous year. Biodegradable Courier Bags . Biophys. Recycles glass bottles to Arts House tenants for installations. Bacteria in the gut of the greater wax worm, Galleria melonella have been found capable of hydrolyzing polyethylene (PE) (Yang et al., 2014; Bombelli et al., 2017; Cassone et al., 2020). Evidence of polyethylene biodegradation by bacterial strains from the guts of plastic-eating waxworms. D1 was isolated from the gut of G. mellonella by Ren et al. Hong Kong has surprisingly rich biodiversity thanks to its large natural terrain and coastal waters. J. Mol. 11:580709. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580709. Polyester-degrading thermophilic actinomycetes isolated from different environment in Taiwan. In other words, we should consider not only the first order structures but also the high-order structures of polymers that play an important role in the biodegradation process. The Calorimetric and thermogravimetric studies of UV irradiated polypropylene/starch-based materials aged in soil. HT-6 degraded high molecular-weight poly(butylene carbonate) (PBC, Mn 37,000). Tencel is biodegradable, made from renewable eucalyptus wood and environmentally friendly, needing less water and pesticides than cotton. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002, Andrady, A. L. (2011). Griffin GJL. The depolymerization stopped when gut microbes were suppressed with antibiotic gentamicin, indicating gut-microbial dependence, similar to observations recorded for PS degradation by T. molitor larvae. Math. Li, W.-J., Jayakody, L. N., Franden, M. A., Wehrmann, M., Daun, T., Hauer, B., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.015, Islam, S., Apitius, L., Jakob, F., and Schwaneberg, U. It has been reported that nylon 4 was degraded in the soil [88] and in the activated sludge [89]. Biodeterior. Polymers are large molecules having both regular crystals (crystalline region) and irregular groups (amorphous region), where the latter provides polymers with flexibility. Supports marine conservation in Singapore and the Philippines. M11 [40]. Technol. Polyethylene terephthalate is one of the major synthetic petro-plastics (Figure 1) that is produced in very large amounts globally. Plastic dental kit replaced with bamboo toothbrush. Adv. News 65:30. doi: 10.1021/cen-v065n010.p030, Sudhakar, M., Doble, M., Sriyutha Murthy, P., and Venkatesan, R. (2008). This bacterium can also form clear zones on PCL and PBS plates but not on PHB [34]. (2019a). Degradation of polypropylene-poly L lactide blend by bacteria isolated from compost. Microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing PE have been isolated from soil, sea water, compost and activated sludge (Montazer et al., 2020a). Appl. Highperformance liquid chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometric identification of breakdown products associated with the biological hydrolysis of a biomedical polyurethane. Geuskens (London: Wiley), 2341. Comparison of the biodegradability of various polyethylene films containing pro-oxidant additives. A., Osinkolu, G. A., et al. (2015a, b) found that the larvae of Tenebrio molitor are capable of depolymerizing and mineralizing PS to H2O and CO2 within 24 h, and the degradation is gut microbe dependent based on antibiotic suppression test. Many strains of Pseudomonas and Bacillus have been observed to degrade complex, recalcitrant compounds such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and have been associated with the partial degradation of a wide-range of petro-plastics, including PE, PS, PP, PVC, PET and ester-based PU. The degree of crystallinity is a crucial factor affecting biodegradability, since enzymes mainly attack the amorphous domains of a polymer. Fungal susceptibility of polyurethanes. J. Sci. Several microorganisms have been reported to utilize EG such as those from Acetobacter and Gluconobacter (DeLey and Kersters, 1964), Acinetobacter and halophilic bacterium, T-52 (ATCC 27042) (Gonzalez et al., 1972; Caskey and Taber, 1981), Flavobacterium species (Child and Willetts, 1978), Hansenula (Harada and Hirabayashi, 1968), Candida, Pichia naganishii AKU4267, and Rhodotorula sp. Its own environmental taskforce runs programs that encourage all staff to reduce the use of plastic disposables, such as plastic cutlery or bags. Proteinase K was able to degrade the amorphous domain of PLA but not the crystalline part of l-PLA or PCL. Discoverers of polypropylene share prize. Based on these knowledge, genetic engineering approaches to create recombinant microbial strains and/or enzymes could be adopted as the preferred strategy to enhance biodegradation of the synthetic petroleum based plastic waste. Stab. Promotes awareness about Singapores marine biodiversity. Int. A fashion conscious collective with a mission to close the fashion loop in Singapore by collecting, curating and circulating good fashion pieces through Fashion Swap! Polym. Greaseproof Food Bags . In contrast, the degradability of the PCL part in the blends of PCL and PS, PCL and PET, PCL and PHB dropped off remarkably. PET-based plastics possess a high degree of crystallinity (3050%), which is one of the principal reasons for their low rate of microbial degradation, which is projected to take more than 50 years for complete degraded in the natural environment, and hundreds of years if discarded into the oceans, due to their lower temperature and oxygen availability. Microb. Biosci. Chem. Although biodegradation of these plastics is feasible in the natural environment, it can take long periods of time: from 50 to more than 100 years (Table 1). Thus, mechanisms of petro-plastic degradation can be classified into three groups: (i) Polymers with carbon back-bones; (ii) Polymers with ester-bond back-bones and side-chains; and (iii) Polymers with hetero/carbamate(urethane) bonds. View. Proceeds collected will be donated to Causes For Animals. Microbial degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE): a review. In addition, the engineered strain enables conversion of EG to medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) (Mohanan et al., 2020). Metall. Center J. Int. 90-95% successful take-up to BYOB at their recent warehouse sale event. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. Res. Thermal degradation of polypropylene/starch based materials with enhanced biodegradability. 30, 396401. Diversity of polyester-degrading bacteria in compost and molecular analysis of a thermoactive esterase from Thermobifida alba AHK119. doi: 10.17706/ijbbb.2017.7.4.245-251. Degradation of the polyesters was found promoted at higher temperatures. strain NyZ451 isolated from Tenebrio molitor larvae. For full list of participating stores click here. J. Microbiol. (2014a). Biotechnological production of (. BYO container for 20 off per individual item on all Bento, Noodles and Set for 1 takeaway. Among the isolated PEA-degrading microorganisms, Penicillium sp. Biodegradation 19, 851858. Aerobic biodegradation of polymers in solid-state conditions: a review of environmental and physicochemical parameter settings in laboratory simulations. Rev. Lids only available on request. Lush also goes packaging free with items such as soap bars and promotes recycling in-store. Bacterial species, such as Bacillus spp. doi: 10.1002/pola.22952. Ramkumar DHS, Bhattacharya M. Effect of crystallinity on the mechanical properties of starch/synthetic polymer blends. Biodegradability and biodegradation of polyesters. 86, 561568. Polyethylene bio-degradation by caterpillars of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. That means the impact could spread far beyond the agencys payday lending rule. These three implements first appeared together on tables in Britain in the Georgian era. Chem. Biodegradation of polyurethane coatings by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. developed PCL/gelatinized starch blends using corn starch acetates and evaluated their biodegradabilities by an enzyme, -amylase. Prior to Chinas Waste Ban, where the country placed a ban on importing unprocessed materials, Hong Kong used to offload the citys rubbish to the mainland for recycling. Polym. 266:115206. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115206, Peng, B. Y., Su, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Zhou, X., Benbow, M. E., et al. (2018). Collect 10 stamps for a free drink on SPs Digital GreenUP app. This strain can degrade not only PEA but also aliphatic polyesters such as poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), PBS and poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) [17]. Since Earth Day 2019, we implemented a $1 charge for new paper bags. Biodeterior. View. One of the most glaring environmental issues Hong Kong currently faces is landfill waste. Microbial degradation of (C14C) polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane. [7][8] Along with other disposable tableware (paper plates, plastic table covers, disposable cups, paper napkins, etc. Use of white rot fungi in the degradation of environmental chemicals. Waste Manage. Plastic bags available only upon request. doi: 10.1111/jam.13472, Wool, R. P., Raghavan, D., Wagner, G. C., and Billieux, S. (2000). Computational method for analysis of polyethylene biodegradation. Polymers and the environment, in Polymer Science, ed. doi: 10.1016/S0189-7241(15)30078-3, Ojeda, T. (2013). Figure 5. (2017). Appl. The sporf or splade combines all three. Int. The effect of metals on thermal degradation of polyethylenes. The mechanism for the enhanced biodegradation has been linked to the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of starch thereby making the polymer porous and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic degradations (Wool et al., 2000; Bonhomme et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2013). 10% BYO discount for all takeaway orders, cutleries for delivery orders only provided upon request, takeaway disposable cups and containers made with recycled materials. Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Enzymatic degradation of polystyrene by hydroquinone peroxidase of Azotobacter beijerinckii HM121. Development of tailored indigenous marine consortia for the degradation of naturally weathered polyethylene films. These periplasmic enzymes have been found essential for growth utilizing ethanol as a carbon source, since it catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate into acetaldehyde (Gorisch, 2003). 15% OFF for anyone who BYO container for takeaway or shopping. Biodegrad. (2012). Biodegradation and mineralization of polystyrene by plastic-eating mealworms. Biodegradation of thermally oxidised polyethylene. It is often thicker and more durable than disposable plastic cutlery. (2015) reported the complete genome sequence of Bacillus sp. Hashimoto K, Sudo M, Ohta K, Sugimura T, Yamada H. Biodegradation of nylon 4 and its blend with nylon 6. doi: 10.1021/bm400140u, Riudavets, J., Salas, I., and Pons, M. J. The physical arrangement of the polymer chains in LDPE and a lower content of vinylidene defects, which have been shown to be directly correlated with oxidization of the polymer makes it more biodegradable than High-density polyethylene (HDPE). GUPPYFRIEND Washing Bag available at ubuswimwear.com to help reduce microfiber pollution from washing synthetic clothing. Though several groups have reported on biodeterioration and biofragmentation (Albertsson and Karlsson, 1990; Ammala et al., 2011), studies on bioassimilation and complete mineralization of PE are very limited (Yang et al., 2014; Sen and Raut, 2016; Montazer et al., 2019). Adv. mBio 8:e00570-17. Ojeda et al. Due to the limited properties of many biodegradable aliphatic types of polyester that are important for many applications, attempt was made to combine the biodegradability of aliphatic polyesters with the good material properties of aromatic polyesters. 27, 205222. The genetic mechanism for the pathways enabling EG metabolism has been well demonstrated in P. putida. (Railway published via Circular dt. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.04.005, Gilan, I., Hadar, Y., and Sivan, A. Sterling silver is the traditional material from which good quality cutlery is made. 20, 181187. 25, 72877298. Sci. Gradually reviewing materials used for product packaging while working on reduction of plastic material consumption. Alkane hydroxylases (AHs) are the key enzymes involved in aerobic degradation of alkanes by bacteria. Biotechnol. Artificial fibers from synthetic linear condensation superpolymers. BYO cup for 30 off total bill. Some microorganisms with the ability to degrade petro-polymers under in vitro conditions have been isolated and characterized. Masjid Maarof is always on the lookout for awesome ways to contribute towards a Clean & Green Singapore! Biochim. (2010). . Coffee grounds available for composting on request. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00068-7, Venkatachalam, S., Nayak, S. G., Labde, J. V., Gharal, P. R., Rao, K., and Kelkar, A. K. (2012). TA2 was reengineered via a directed evolution campaign (following the KnowVolution strategy) (Rbsam et al., 2018b) and employing a specialized diversity generation protocol for short peptides (termed PePevo) to create variants with increased binding to PS and PP in the presence of surfactants (LAS and Triton X-100) (Rbsam et al., 2018a). (2019). Performance & security by Cloudflare. Your IP: Bombelli et al. Fusion of binding domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET hydrolysis. reflecting a sizeable number of Hong Kong residents breathing in air that contains high levels of pollutants every day. Reusable cup sleeves drop off boxes available at a number of our locations. Besides using starch as copolymer, the addition of prooxidants such as metal salt (iron, cobalt, and manganese) to increase biodegradation have also been investigated. 10, 413432. Straws are only given upon request. Microbial degradation of synthetic polymers. Prior to, While the government has introduced educational initiatives and an operating organic waste recovery center, 3,600 tonnes of food waste are still being sent to Hong Kongs landfills each day. Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Jang et al. Table 2. (2018a). Microorganisms that degrade plastic may be considered living bioreactors. Order) Lead Time: 25 days; Freight Cost Available. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26172, Otake, Y., Kobayashi, T., Asabe, H., Murakami, N., and Ono, K. (1995). [83] and Wang et al. developed blend plastics by combining PCL with conventional plastics such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), nylon 6 (NY), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and PHB, and evaluated their enzymatic degradabilities. About 335 million tons of plastics were manufactured worldwide in 2016 (Plastics Europe, 2017). Plastic shaving kit replaced with starch shaving kit. 185, 163168. Polym. Tokiwa Y, Iwamoto A, Koyama M. Development of biodegradable plastics containing polycaprolactone and/or starch. Microbiol. (2020). Bioeng. Hand-picked stories once a fortnight. Yang, S.-S., Wu, W. M., Brandon, A. M., Fan, H. Q., Receveur, J. P., Li, Y., et al. Every year, about. 3Pr-126 (Kataoka et al., 2001). While, most PET used for manufacturing textiles and bottles has high crystallinity (3040%), PET used for packaging has less crystallinity (approximately 8%) (Kawai et al., 2014).

How Does Klarna Know My Age, Scipy Ndimage Measurements, Kingdom Hearts Tcg Scans, Studio Apartments In Northgate Seattle, Whole Object Constraint Example, Aaron Fotheringham Disability, Reference-based Pricing No Surprises Act, Pen + Gear Mini Sheet Protectors, Hamptons Film Festival 2022 Tickets, Klein's Restaurant Menu, Cracked Heels Vitamin Deficiency, Mental Health Ranking By Country 2022,