[100] The Liangshu and Liang Zhigongtu do explain that the Hephthalites originally had no written language and adopted the hu (local, "Barbarian") alphabet, in this case, the Bactrian script. In 1928, Khorloogiin Choibalsan rose to power. [69], In 40 AD, the Lc lord Thi Sch rebelled on the advice of his wife Trng Trc. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. [114] The coinage of Peroz I in effect flooded Tokharistan, taking precedence over all other Sasanian issues.[116]. [e], After the breakdown of Mongol Empire and the fall of the Yuan dynasty in the mid-14th century, the Mongols turned into a political turmoil. ; Zamir Safi, M.H. [75][76] This massive migration was apparently triggered by climate change, with aridity affecting the mountain grazing grounds of the Altay Mountains during the 4th century CE. The standard pronunciation of Mongolian in China is based on the Chakhar dialect of the Plain Blue Banner, located in central Inner Mongolia, while the grammar is based on all Southern Mongolian dialects. Zhao Tuo retaliated by proclaiming himself Emperor Wu of Nanyue and attacking the neighboring kingdom of Changsha, taking a few border towns. Learning that Zhao's parents were buried in Zhending, he set aside a town close by just to take care of their graves. The president must also suspend their party membership. [13] By 479 the Hephthalites had conquered Sogdia and driven the Kidarites eastwards, and by 493 they had captured parts of present-day Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (in present-day Northwest China). [2], With the Sasanian Empire paying a heavy tribute, from 474, the Hephthalites themselves adopted the winged, triple-crescent crowned Peroz I as the design for their coinage. (2016) also pointed to *ket "person, human being" as another possible source. [6] Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC "Yue" referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. As the least densely populated country in the world, with a significant portion of the population living a nomadic lifestyle, it has been difficult for many traditional information and communication technology (ICT) companies to make headway into Mongolian society. [200] Weapons with Hunnic designs are depicted in the "Cave of the Painters" in the Kizil Caves, in a mural showing armoured warriors and dated to the 5th century CE. They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the In January 2015, Mnkhbatyn Davaajargal took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo. [3]:99[24], Historical ethnic group in Chinese history, For the Jie people of northern Uganda, see, Vovin et al. Zhao Tuo's son stole the turtle claw that powered An Dng Vng's magical crossbow, rendering his realm without protection. [139] According to a 2011 study by the World Health Organization, Mongolia's capital city, Ulaanbaatar, has the second highest level of fine particle pollution of any city in the world. [169] This great composition is unique, and has no equivalent in Gandhara or India, but there are some similarities with the painting of Kizil or Dunhuang. But the Qin Dynasty also ushered in new ideas and inventions. Minor rulers were rather relegated to the lower title of khan. [129] Several portraits of regional ambassadors from the territories occupied by the Hephthalites (Tokharistan, Tarim Basin) are known from Chinese paintings such as the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, originally painted in 526539 CE. Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from the National University of Mongolia and the Mongolian University of Science and Technology. Thereafter, the area around the Oxus in Bactria contained numerous Hephthalites principalities, remnants of the great Hephthalite Empire destroyed by the alliance of the Turks and the Sasanians. [40], The Hephthalites may have come from the East, through the Pamir Mountains, possibly from the area of Badakhshan. For this reason they refused to support him and instead joined Liu Bang in attacking Xiang Yu. Several Mongolian women have excelled in pistol shooting: Otryadyn Gndegmaa is a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games, Munkhbayar Dorjsuren is a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), while Tsogbadrakhyn Mnkhzul is, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the 25-metre pistol event.[165]. However, they learned that further west there was a kingdom called Dianyue where the people rode elephants and traded with the merchants from Shu in secret. During the Spring and Autumn period, the Gouwu founded the state of Wu and the Yuyue the state of Yue. The long-distance races that are showcased during Naadam festivals are one aspect of this, as is the popularity of trick riding. Qapaghan Qaghan[196] Chinese chronicles report embassies from the "Hephtalite kingdom" as late as 748 CE.[188]. The basin of the Uvs Lake, shared with Tuva Republic in Russia, is a natural World Heritage Site. "Turks", in, Cheng, Fanyi. According to the Book of Jin, the ancestors of Shi Le were a part of the multi-ethnic Xiongnu tribe known as Qingq (). Tadpole shrimps (Lepidurus mongolicus) are still found in the Gobi today. That held the power of the state and its monarch's interests paramount. The name Mongolia means the "Land of the Mongols" in Latin. This is different from the Mongolian state, where the standard pronunciation is based on the closely related Khalkha dialect. Trng Trc abolished the Han taxes and was recognized as queen at M Linh. The modern term "Yue" (Chinese: or ; pinyin: Yu; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; WadeGiles: Yeh4; Vietnamese: Vit; Early Middle Chinese: Wuat) comes from Old Chinese *at (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart 2014). [9] He further proposes a relationship of the Ket language to the Na-Dene languages indigenous to Canada and western United States, and even suggests the tonal system of the Ket language is closer to that of Vietnamese than any of the native Siberian languages. [15], The sources for Hephthalite history are sparse and the opinions of historians differ. Although the term barbarian has undergone many transformations from its Greek origins to its current English usage, not all of which are relevant to the Tang (such as its use in medieval Europe to denote religious difference, marking non-Christians of various ethnic, geographic, and political affiliations), its consistent association with inferiority, lack of civilization, and externality in the broadest sense often make it the most appropriate choice, including some cases when it is placed in the mouths of non-Han referring to themselves or others. [18], The term Baiyue first appears in the book Lshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC. King Fuchai of Wu made every effort to assert this claim and was the source of much contention among his contemporaries. When the turtle departed, he left one of his claws behind, which An Dng Vng used as the trigger for his magical crossbow, the "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw". [89][90] By the Tang dynasty (618907), the term "Yue" had largely become a regional designation rather than a cultural one, as in the Wuyue state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in what is now Zhejiang province. Wu and Yue spent much of the time at war with each other, during which Yue gained a fearsome reputation for its martial valour: Zhuangzi of Qi wanted to attack Yue, and he discussed this with Hezi. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. The Mongolia Premier League is the top domestic competition. Khosrow recalled Smbat IV Bagratuni from Persian Armenia and sent him to Iran to repel the invaders. [58] In 1959, Kazuo Enoki proposed that the Hephthalites were probably Indo-European (East) Iranians who originated in Bactria/Tokharistan, based on the fact that ancient sources generally located them in the area between Sogdia and the Hindu-Kush, and the Hephthalites had some Iranian characteristics. The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. The most common rural dish is cooked mutton. By that time, the environment for development of artistic thought had become largely liberal thanks to the new democratic society in the country. Mongolia has a number of domestic airports, with some of them having international status. The following table summarizes the various ethnic groups and/or other social groups of known historical significance to the history of China (any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark): c. 4th century BC to late 5th century, assimilated into Hans, (There exist descendants of war-scattered Khitan soldiers sent to Yunnan and Guangxi provinces during the Yuan dynasty in Baoshan, Yunnan). Since the division of the Mongol Empire, monarchs of the Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan held the title of Khagan. ), Jibin (Kashmir), Wuchang (Uddiyana or Khorasan), Qiuci (Kucha), Shule (Kashgar), Yutian (Khotan) and Goupan (Karghalik), and expanded their territory by a thousand li[157], The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang mentions that no envoys from the Hephthalites came before 516 to the southern court, and it was only in that year that a Hephthalite King named Yilituo Yandai () sent an ambassador named Puduoda[] ([], possibly a Buddhist name "Buddhadatta" or "Buddhadsa"). It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during Marshal Meng Tian's tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. 220 A.D), the Xiongnu, an ancient tribe in northern China, always harassed the border area so that local people suffered a lot. Ethnicity and Changing Conceptions of the Ancient Yue (Viet) Peoples, ca. He was the penultimate grand chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty, and he amassed immense power in the dynasty's final years Wireless technologies have had greater success in rural areas. [103] Some 22.4% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 a day. Their legacy was extended to the southeast until the 9th century CE, with the Turk Shahis and the Zunbils. [16], Later,[d] Yuan emperors made peace with the three western khanates of the Mongol Empire and were considered as their nominal suzerain. [159], In Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, the Hepthalithes are treated as the most important foreign state, as they occupy the leading position, at the front of the column of foreign ambassadors, and have by far the largest descriptive text. Early 6th century to present, a 2016 study reveals the date of divergence between Tibetans and Han Chinese was estimated to have taken place around 15,000 to 9,000 years ago. During the Song dynasty, a bridge known as the Guojie qiao (World Crossing Bridge) was built at Jiaxing between the modern border of Jiangsu province and Zhejiang province. [99], According to the Beishi, describing the situation in the first half of the 6th century CE around the time Song Yun visited Central Asia, the language of the Hephthalites was different from that of the Ruanruan, Gaoju or other tribes of Central Asia, but that probably reflects their acculturation and adoption of the Bactrian language since their arrival in Bactria in the 4th century CE. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. It may be impossible to prove the ultimate origin of the title, but Vovin says: "Thus, it seems to be quite likely that the ultimate source of both qaan and qan can be traced back to Xiong-nu and Yeniseian". [37] The Has are mentioned in several ancient texts such as the Rmyaa, Mahbhrata, Puras, and Kalidasa's Raghuvaa. [16][17][18][19] The origin of the name "Hephthalites" is unknown, it may stem either from a Khotanese word *Hitala meaning "Strong",[20] from hypothetical Sogdian *Hetalt, plural of *Hetalak,[21] or from postulated Middle Persian *haft l "the Seven[22] Al". [198] In Persia, according to the 6th century Armenian chronicler Lazar of Parpeci: Even in time of peace the mere sight or mention of a Hephthalite terrified everybody, and there was no question of going to war openly against one, for everybody remembered all too clearly the calamities and defeats inflicted by the Hephthalites on the king of the Aryans and on the Persians. Telecommunications in Mongolia face unique challenges. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. [92] Mongolia has been pursuing a third-neighbor foreign policy since early 1990s to build deeper relations and partnerships with countries beyond its two neighbors. [citation needed], Ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist of Khalkha and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. A golden turtle appeared, subdued the white chicken, and protected An Dng Vng until the citadel's completion. After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some distinctive features of the vocabulary, phonology, and syntax of southern varieties of Chinese are attributed to substrate languages that were spoken by the Yue.[93][94]. Realizing that she would soon lose her followers if she did not do anything, Trng Trc sallied out against the Han army and lost badly, losing more than 10,000 followers. By 1636 most Inner Mongolian tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the Qing dynasty. The Buddhist Conquest of China, Erik Zrcher, "The consonantal system of Old Chinese. He says that the origin for the word qan is not found in any reconstructed proto-language and was used widely by Turkic, Mongolic, Chinese and Korean people with variations from kan, qan, han and hwan. [96] In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner. [83] Later Chinese sources become quite confused about the origins of the Hephthalites, and this may be due to their progressive assimilation of Bactrian culture and language once they settled there. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. The longest is the Song of the Yue Boatman, a short song transcribed phonetically in Chinese characters in 528 BC and included, with a Chinese version, in the Garden of Stories compiled by Liu Xiang five centuries later. [198] Depending on sources, their main weapon was the bow, the mace or the sword. [8] The Rourans were stated to be descendants of the Donghu people,[9] who in turn are assumed to be proto-Mongols,[10] Mongolic-speaking,[11] or a "non-Altaic" group.[12][13][14]. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. [1] The female equivalent is Khatun. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. One source is that they descend from the Q () clan The Qin armies also advanced south along the Xiang River to modern Guangdong and set up commanderies along the main communication routes. In 473 BC, King Goujian of Yue finally conquered Wu and was acknowledged by the northern states of Qi and Jin. Others claim that the Jie were an ancient Yeniseian-speaking tribe related to the Ket people, who today live between the Ob and Yenisey riversthe character (ji) is pronounced /kit/ in Hokkien, /kit/ or /kit/ in Cantonese, /ciat/ in Hakka and ketsu in Japanese, implying that the ancient pronunciation might have been fairly close to Ket (ket). Professional boxing began in Mongolia in the 1990s. The spirits were led by a white chicken. He then met and married u C, a fairy, daughter of Lai. [38][39][40] (see China and the United Nations). p. 103-105, Pritsak, Omeljan (September 1978). Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. There were some government officials but central control was weak and local dynasties paid tribute. [28] A passage from Huainanzi of Liu An quoted by Keith Taylor (1991:18) describing the Qin defeat as follows:[30]. [19][20] It was used as a collective term for many non-Huaxia/Han Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam.[6]. [114] In 488, a Hepthalite army vanquished the Sasaniana army of Balash, and was able to put Kavad I (488496, 498531) on the throne. [135], Since 1990, key health indicators in Mongolia like life expectancy and infant and child mortality have steadily improved, both due to social changes and to improvement in the health sector. [152][153][154] The text explains how small the country of the Hua was when they were still vassals of the Rouran Khaganate, and how they later moved to "Moxian", possibly referring to their occupation of Sogdia, and then conquered numerous neighbouring country, including the Sasanian Empire:[152][155][156][157][f], When the Suolu (Northern Wei) entered (the Chinese frontier) and settled in the (valley of the river) Sanggan (i.e. armies {PV-CM-PERF-go out-3P} bok-kok PV-?-OBJ-CM-catch-3P. [187] The Arabs weakened during the 4-year civil war leading to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, but they were able to continue their expansion after that. The Hephthalites came into contact with the Sasanian Empire, and were involved in helping militarily Peroz I seize the throne from his brother Hormizd III. "Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier", "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence", "A Reevaluation of Early Chinese Script: The Case of Yu and Its Cultural Connotations: Speech at The First Annual Conference of Society for the Study of Early China", "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language", "Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who were the Ancient Yue?

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