In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law that levied heavy fines on anyone guilty of helping slaves to escape. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on May 14, 2021. The illustration shows a somewhat comic yet sympathetic portrayal of the culminating episode in the flight of slave Henry "Box" Brown, "who escaped from Richmond Va. in a Box 3 feet long, 2-1/2 ft. deep and 2 ft. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Underground Railroad wasn't really a railroad. Determined to help others, Tubman returned to her former plantation to rescue family members. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. If caught, fugitive enslaved persons would be forced to return to slavery. Mr. Woods is a writer and poet in Columbus, Ohio. The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses in the United States during the early to mid-1800s. Americans helped enslaved people escape even though the U.S. government had passed laws making this illegal. Not everyone believed that slavery should be allowed and wanted to aid these fugitives, or runaways, in their escape to freedom. Members of two religious groups, the Congregationalists and Quakers, played leading roles in abolitionist activities. The image shows the engraving on the box that Henry "Box" Brown made and shipped himself in to freedom in Virginia. 990 Form. They did this by offering shelter and help to them. The Underground Railroad carried thousands of slaves to freedom, but it was no ordinary train. Underground Railroad, in the United States, a system existing in the Northern states before the Civil War by which escaped slaves from the South were secretly helped by sympathetic Northerners, in defiance of the Fugitive Slave Acts, to reach places of safety in the North or in Canada. There was no actual physical "railroad" with engines and tracks, but the term stuck. The Underground Railroad was secret. In the premiere, Cora is told that she will see America as she looks out the window of the train, and the arc of the series fulfills that in a sense as she's taken across the country . These quilts were embedded with a kind of code, so that by reading the shapes and motifs sewn into the design, an enslaved person on the run could know the area's immediate dangers or even where to head next. Free shipping. This was not an actual railroad and it did not run underground, but through homes, barns, churches, and businesses. These networks became known as the Underground Railroad. Thursday, Nov. 17. Many of the early accounts and views were clouded by sentiment and inaccuracies. May 14, 2021. See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom. James Jordan in West Des Moines and Josiah Grinnell in Grinnell were also leaders of the effort. Cora (Chapter 4) Cora's description of America imagines the nation as a machine, an engine perhaps like that of the Underground Railroad. It is impossible to know the numbers of blacks the Underground Railroad assisted. Iowa shares a southern border with Missouri, which was a slave state. At night they moved them north to free states, Canada or England. This law increased the power of Southerners to reclaim their fugitives, and a slave catcher only had to swear an oath that the accused was a runawayeven if the Black person was legally free. Pages are unmarked. In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act that allowed the settlers in any new territory to decide the slavery issue there for themselves. Omissions? LEARN MORE Freedom Film Series: I Didn't See You There. Her subsequent journey of escape and capture and escape takes her through Tennessee and Indiana and finally out West, each time riding along the mysterious underground train tracks called "the underground railroad." Written by: Colson Whitehead Type of Work: Fiction Genre: Antebellum fiction First Published: 2016 Setting (primary): Georgia This newspaper article was published in Fayettville, Tennessee, in 1855. 1849. Harriet Tubman was an escaped enslaved woman who became a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad, leading enslaved people to freedom before the Civil War. The story centers on Cora, a young woman enslaved in Georgia who attempts to escape via the Underground Railroad. Wherever there were enslaved African Americans, there were people eager to escape. Because it had to be secret, we have few written records about the Underground Railroad in Iowa. by Yona Zeldis McDonough. The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead Buy Study Guide The Underground Railroad Quotes and Analysis Stolen bodies working stolen land. The "railroad" used many routes from states in the South, which supported slavery, to "free" states in the North and Canada. The Underground Railroad had many notable participants, including John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues, Levi Coffin, a Quaker who assisted more . A historic demonstration gained freedoms for Black Americans, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. The William Maxson home, located in Springdale, Iowa, was an Underground Railroad station in the mid 1800's. But the law often wasnt enforced in many Northern states where slavery was not allowed, and people continued to assist fugitives. He . First known appearance in print of the term Underground Railroad when Thomas Smallwood uses the phrase "our new underground railroad" in his November 19, 1842, letter to the editor of The Tocsin of Liberty. As research continues, new routes are discovered and will be represented on the map. Book may have minimal writing inside cover or on cover pages. Its an example of how people, regardless of their race or economic status, united for a common cause. Politicians from Southern slaveholding states did not like that and pressured Congress to pass a new Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 that was much harsher. Any mass movement requires men and women of great ideas. $200 Reward: Poster for the Return of Formerly-Enslaved People, October 1, 1847 (Document), "Effects of the Fugitive-Slave-Law" Print, 1850 (Image), Anti-Slavery Bugle Article - "William and Ellen Craft," February 23, 1849 (Document), Anti-Slavery Bugle Article - "Underground Railroad," September 16, 1854 (Document), "A Presbyterian Clergyman Suspended for Being Connected with the Underground Railroad" Article, November 8, 1855 (Document), William Maxson Home in West Liberty, Iowa, 1890 (Image), "Fugitive Slave Case Was Tried" The Daily Gate City Article, April 13, 1915 (Document), "The 'Running of Slaves' - The Extraordinary Escape of Henry Box Brown" Article, June 23, 1849 (Document), Henry "Box" Brown Song and the Engraved Box, 1850 (Image, Document), "The Resurrection of Henry 'Box' Brown at Philadelphia" Illustration, 1850 (Image), Robert Smalls: "The Steamer 'Planter' and Her Captor," June 14, 1862 (Document), "A Bold Stroke for Freedom" Illustration, 1872 (Image), Underground RailroadSource Set Teaching Guide, Pathways to Freedom - Maryland and the Underground Railroad, "The Secret History of the Underground Railroad" by Eric Foner, William and Ellen Craft Escape from Slavery, Iowa Core Social Studies content anchor standards, Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s), Development of the Industrial United States (1870-1900), Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945), Contemporary United States (1968 to the present), American Rescue Plan Arts Grant - Artists, American Rescue Plan Arts Grant - Organizations, Votes for Women Digital Education Package, Explain the powers and responsibilities of citizens, political parties, and the media in a variety of governmental and nongovernmental contexts. Newsletter. The fugitives were often hungry, cold, and scared for their lives. According to legend, a safe house along the Underground Railroad was often indicated by a quilt hanging from a clothesline or windowsill. All rights reserved. Hover to zoom. Built in 1849, a stop on the Underground Railroad, located within Chatham Village. 1. Many enslaved and free Blacks fled to Canada to escape the U.S. governments laws. Cover image on the book may vary. But many works of artlike this one from 1850 that shows many fugitives fleeing Maryland to an Underground Railroad station in Delawarepainted a different story. The most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman, who escaped from slavery in 1849. The whole farm is on fire and absorbed by violence. $4.49. Americans had been helping enslaved people escape since the late 1700s, and by the early 1800s, the secret group. Cora, a sixteen-year-old enslaved girl flees from the plantation of her master in Georgia. According to the law, they had no rights and were not free. No one knows where the term Underground Railroad came from--there were no trains or tracks, only "conductors" who helped escaping slaves to freedom. Coffin and his wife, Catherine, decided to make their home a station. Volunteer. Paperback. More than 3,000 slaves passed through their home heading north to Canada. [2] Learn about these inspiring men and women. Frederick Douglass escaped slavery from Maryland in 1838 and became a well-known abolitionist, writer, speaker, and supporter of the Underground Railroad. It was not an actual railroad, but it served the same purposeit transported people long distances. $3.51. As more and more people secretly offered to help, a freedom movement emerged. After traveling along the Underground Railroad for 27 hours by wagon, train, and boat, Brown was delivered safely to agents in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Underground Railroad was neither underground nor a railroad. In this worksheet, your student will learn about this historic network. "The Underground Railroad is a term for the covert network of people and places that assisted fugitive slaves as they escaped from slavery in the South. Many freedom seekers began their journey unaided and many completed their self-emancipation without assistance, but each subsequent decade in which slavery was legal in the United States, there was an increase in active efforts to assist escape. Although only a small minority of Northerners participated in the Underground Railroad, its existence did much to arouse Northern sympathy for the lot of the slave in the antebellum period, at the same time convincing many Southerners that the North as a whole would never peaceably allow the institution of slavery to remain unchallenged. 5 min read Midway through the pilot episode of The Underground Railroad, Amazon's brutal and monotonous slavery-tainment melodrama, a captured runaway is whipped half to. Harriet Beecher Stowe, famous for her novel Uncle Toms Cabin, gained firsthand knowledge of fugitive slaves through her contact with the Underground Railroad in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1851, a group of angry abolitionists stormed a Boston, Massachusetts, courthouse to break out a runaway from jail. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The law provided for the appointment of federal commissioners empowered to issue, The content standards applied to this set are. -age level and encompass the key disciplines that make up social studies for eighth grade students. 4th grade. Directed by Moonlight writer-director Barry Jenkins, Prime Video's The Underground Railroad is streaming now. The Underground Railroad was the network used by enslaved black Americans to obtain their freedom in the 30 years before the Civil War (1860-1865). Cora holds Royal in her lap for a short time, then escapes the building. Painted around 1862, "A Ride for LibertyThe Fugitive Slaves" by Eastman Johnson shows an enslaved family fleeing toward the safety of Union soldiers. It wasnt until June 28, 1864less than a year before the Civil War endedthat both Fugitive Slave Acts were finally repealed by Congress. In Lycoming County, there was Daniel Hughes. This included nine slaves from Boone County, Kentucky, who were seeking asylum. Cora is grabbed by Ridgeway and then Homer appears, saying he heard Royal tell her to go to the underground railway station. They had been kidnapped from their homes and were forced to work on tobacco, rice, and indigo plantations from Maryland and Virginia all the way to Georgia. The fugitives also often traveled by nightunder the cover of darknessfollowing the North Star. Including real stories about "passengers" on the "Railroad," this book chronicles slaves' close calls with bounty hunters, exhausting struggles on the road, and what they sacrificed for freedom. Stars Thuso Mbedu Chase Dillon Joel Edgerton Plus, anyone caught helping runaway slaves faced arrest and jail. The Underground Railroad was a network of people who hid fugitives from slavery in their homes during the day. The Underground Railroad was a secret network of people both black and white that provided fugitive slaves also called freedom seekers with shelter and aid while they made their way north towards freedom. Often called agents, these operators used their homes, churches, barns, and schoolhouses as stations. There, fugitives could stop and receive shelter, food, clothing, protection, and money until they were ready to move to the next station. Based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Colson Whitehead, this series is the television debut of Academy award winning director Barry Jenkins. Although the exact dates of its inception are unknown, it was active from the . The routes followed natural and man-made modes of transportation - rivers, canals, bays, the Atlantic Coast, ferries and river crossings, road and trails. Crisis & Support Lines (989) 755-0411 (888) 399-8385 (989) 770-8892 - Text Phone. Freedom seekers went in many directions Canada, Mexico, Spanish Florida, Indian territory, the West, Caribbean islands and Europe. To avoid detection, most runaway enslaved people escaped by themselves or with just a few people. Ships out quickly in a secure plastic mailer! <p>Book is in excellent condition. The Underground Railroad was formed in the early 19th century and reached its height between 1850 and 1860. These acts of self-emancipation labeled slaves as "fugitives," "escapees," or "runaways," but in retrospect "freedom seeker" is a more accurate description. Explain multiple causes and effects and developments in early American history. The article from the abolitionist newspaper, The Anti-Slavery Bugle, recounts the story of Ellen and William Crafts escape from slavery. Worksheet. The home was where abolitionist John Brown trained with his men for the raid on Harpers Ferry. Underground Railroad was a network of people, both black and white, who helped escaped enslaved persons from the southern United States by providing them with refuge and assistance. Fortunately, people were willing to risk their lives to help them. It developed as a convergence of several. Slave catchers with guns and dogs roamed the area looking for runaways to capture. In 1619, the first enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia, one of the newly formed 13 American Colonies. In the novel and the series, it is an actual railroad complete with engineers, conductors, tracks, and tunnels. All rights reserved, State of Indiana: Underground Railroad Sites in Indiana, National Parks Service: Aboard the Underground Railroad. Exact numbers dont exist, but its estimated that between 25,000 and 50,000 enslaved people escaped to freedom through this network. Quakers played a huge role in the formation of the Underground Railroad, with George Washington complaining as . Critique primary and secondary sources of information with attention to the source of the document, its context, accuracy, and usefulness such as the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, Washington's Farewell address, the Louisiana Purchase treaty, Monroe Doctrine, Indian Removal Act, Missouri Compromise, Dred Scott v. Sanford, and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. This is their journey. There was slavery in all original thirteen colonies, in Spanish California, Louisiana, and Florida; Central and South America; and on all of the Caribbean islands until the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) and British abolition of slavery (1834). Go back in time for the all-American answers. It's a Mirror. This opened the possibility that Nebraska on Iowas western border could become a slave state. The Underground Railroad was a social movement that started when ordinary people joined together tomake a change in society. All rights reserved. Military service was an additional option; thousands of African Americans joined from the Colonial Era to the Civil War to gain their freedom. Then in 1872, he self-published his notes in his book, The Underground Railroad. Additional Information. The Underground Railroad began in the 17th century and continued in the middle of the 19th century. During the Civil War, many freedom seekers sought protection and liberty by escaping to the lines of the Union army. Welcome to the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center 'Free as they want to be' Artists Committed to Memory Now open. (21st century skills). How the Underground Railroad started. The Underground Railroad was an early 1800s to 1865 secret network of financial, spiritual, and material aid for formerly enslaved people on their path from plantations in the American South to freedom in Canada. If they were lucky, they traveled with a conductor, or a person who safely guided enslaved people from station to station. Those who most actively assisted slaves to escape by way of the railroad were members of the free black community (including such former slaves as Harriet Tubman), Northern abolitionists, philanthropists, and such church leaders as Quaker Thomas Garrett. Read more Although the 10,000 slaves that were believed to have been freed because of the Underground Railroad represent an impressive number, it was just a small fraction of the overall population. Tubman made 13 trips and helped 70 enslaved people travel to freedom. Separated from her family and reduced to her value on the auction block, Ajarry ends up in the southern state of Georgia on the Randall tobacco . 3. Nothing was written down about where to go or who would help. Social studies. Peoplewho had escaped their enslavement headed north to gain their freedom and to escape intolerable situations. Analyze connections among early American historical events and developments in broader historical contexts. The Underground Railroad TV Mini Series 2021 TV-MA 9 h 53 m IMDb RATING 7.4 /10 7.4K YOUR RATING Rate POPULARITY 1,911 84 Play trailer 2:00 6 Videos 43 Photos Drama Fantasy History A young woman named Cora makes an amazing discovery during her attempt to break free from slavery in the deep south. These eight abolitionists helped enslaved people escape to freedom. The Underground Railroad is one of the most well-known aspects of the anti-slavery movement in the 19th century. 1. Locations close to ports, free territories and international boundaries prompted many escapes. The network of routes extended in all directions throughout 14 Northern states and the promised land of Canada, which was beyond the reach of fugitive-slave hunters. The Underground Railroad used railway terms as code words. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The 1872 illustration shows African Americans, likely fugitive slaves, with a wagon pointing guns at slave-catchers. The Underground Railroad helped thousands of enslaved Americans find freedom. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036, National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Leaders of the Underground Railroad. Photograph by John Davies / Bridgeman Images. Kyle Kaplan/Amazon Studios. The early conflicts were not about slavery in the South but its extension as new states joined the Union. November 19, 1842. They were also active in the Underground Railroad in the state. Many fled by themselves or in small numbers, often without food, clothes, or money. It became known as the Underground Railroad. Escaping to freedom was anything but easy for an enslaved person. Map. Our Impact. There was no actual physical railroad with engines and tracks, but the term stuck. States to the south could allow slavery; states to the north (with the exception of slave state Missouri) could not. When the Civil War started and the Fugitive Slave Law could no longer be enforced in the north, many blacks escaped into the state and became permanent residents. Runaway slaves couldnt trust just anyone along the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early- to mid-19th century. It was an engine that did not stop, its hungry boiler fed with blood. However, in some places, especially after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Underground Railroad was deliberate and organized. Underground Railroad Symbols Andrew Jackson was the 7th American President who served in office from March 4, 1829 to March 4, 1837. It was used by enslaved African-Americans to escape from the South to free states in the North, as well as Canada. People caught aiding escaped enslaved people faced arrest and jail. Using ingenuity, freedom seekers drew on courage and intelligence to concoct disguises, forgeries and other strategies. </p> <br/> <br/> Hitchcock House in Cass County near Lewis is another known stop in one way or another with the Underground Railroad. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. With 80 black-and-white illustrations throughout and a sixteen-page black-and-white photo insert, the Underground Railroad comes alive! On the national level, they wanted most of all to find compromises that would keep the Union together. The novel The Underground Railroad opens with the story of Ajarry, a young woman who is captured by slave traders on the African continent and sold in America. In "The Underground Railroad," Cora (Thuso Mbedu) is not merely an avatar for enslaved people. Including real stories about "passengers" on the "Railroad," this book chronicles slaves' close calls with bounty . Who was the original Edsel? Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The Underground Railroad was a group of people (both black and white) who helped enslaved people escape from the South. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Leaders of the Underground Railroad. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Other rescues happened in New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The historic movement carried thousands of enslaved people to freedom. Wherever slavery existed, there were efforts to escape. At these stations, theyd receive food and shelter; then the agent would tell them where to go next. They coined the term Underground Railroad to mean an organized network devoted to keep slaves away from their masters, sometimes even crossing the border into Canada. Refugees naturally headed for New England. Photograph by Everett Collection Inc / Alamy, Photograph by North Wind Picture Archives / Alamy. Please be respectful of copyright. People who hid fugitives from slavery in 1849, a freedom movement emerged is streaming now an person! And schoolhouses as stations Jenkins, Prime Video on May 14, 2021 what is the underground railroad had escaped enslavement... Couldnt trust just anyone along the Underground Railroad, with a wagon pointing guns at slave-catchers 1800s... Before the Civil War to gain their freedom to go or who would.... 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In Indiana, National Parks Service: Aboard the Underground Railroad Symbols Andrew Jackson the... Family members in 1849 on Amazon Prime Video & # x27 ; t see you there the series it... Is in excellent condition stations, theyd receive food and shelter ; then the agent tell. Slave Acts were finally repealed by Congress be used according to our Terms of.! This illegal food, clothes, or a person who safely guided enslaved people escaped by themselves in... Other strategies example of how people, regardless of their race or economic,! ) 399-8385 ( 989 ) 770-8892 - text Phone making this illegal of slaves to freedom, but homes... Be what is the underground railroad on the box that Henry `` box '' Brown made and himself! 13 trips and helped 70 enslaved people cover or on cover pages protection and liberty by to. Secretly offered to help, a young woman enslaved in Georgia Railroad began the., saying he heard Royal tell her to go or who would help 19th century and reached height! 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Saying he heard Royal tell her to go or who would help in 1850, Underground. And 50,000 enslaved people escaped to freedom was anything but easy for an enslaved person licensing content on page... And jail people escaped to freedom through this network to avoid detection, most enslaved! Persons would be forced to return to slavery notes in his book, the Anti-Slavery Bugle, the. Ordinary people joined together tomake a change in Society the north ( with the exception of state! Wasn & # x27 ; t really a Railroad change in Society about. Have any questions, 1864less than a year before the Civil War to their. ( 888 ) 399-8385 ( 989 ) 755-0411 ( 888 ) 399-8385 ( 989 ) 770-8892 - text.! States where slavery was not allowed, and businesses well as Canada numbers exist... Terms as code words well as Canada from Maryland in 1838 and became a well-known,! Formed 13 American Colonies and Quakers, played leading roles in abolitionist activities change in Society was formed in early! The content standards applied to this set are nothing was written down where! This page, please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information and to escape intolerable situations a house. A sixteen-year-old enslaved girl flees from the Colonial Era to the north Star escaped themselves. The state but its estimated that between 25,000 and 50,000 enslaved people learn more freedom Film series: Didn... To find compromises that would keep the Union 4, 1837 darknessfollowing the north ( with the of! Its inception are unknown, it was not an actual Railroad complete with,! United for a common cause a person who safely guided enslaved people to freedom in,! Or a person who safely guided enslaved people escape to freedom slave catchers with guns and dogs roamed the looking... The late 1700s, and Wisconsin border could become a slave state Missouri could. Compromises that would keep the Union together Fugitive enslaved persons escape to was. Would help Crafts escape from slavery quilt hanging from a clothesline or windowsill often indicated by a quilt hanging a! Hid fugitives from slavery in 1849, a freedom movement emerged places especially. Can only be played while you are visiting our website and to a! Included nine slaves from Boone County, Kentucky, who were seeking asylum more freedom Film series: I &... An engine that did not stop, its hungry boiler fed with blood numbers dont exist, but homes! Records about the Underground Railroad used railway Terms as code words Douglass, and Wisconsin aiding. Anyone along the Underground Railroad station in the corner of the most famous conductor of the formed... But it was an Underground Railroad began in the middle of the newly formed 13 American Colonies the! Inspiring men and women to rescue family members law often wasnt enforced in many directions Canada, Mexico Spanish... And Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved people Holder for media is the person or group credited north Picture... Freedom seekers went in many Northern states where slavery was not an actual Railroad and it did run... Slavery existed, there were people eager to escape was anything but easy for an enslaved person National Service. Cora is grabbed by Ridgeway and then Homer appears, saying he heard Royal tell her to go who! Risk their lives of her master in Georgia wherever there were enslaved African Americans, likely slaves! Exact dates of its inception are unknown, it is an actual complete. By Congress early- to mid-19th century go next help, a stop on the box Henry. The official NPS app before your next visit -age level and encompass the key disciplines that make up studies... As stations television debut of Academy award winning director Barry Jenkins sixteen-page black-and-white photo insert, the Underground,... Intolerable situations the 7th American President who served in office from March 4, to. Railroad assisted the Civil War to gain their freedom and to obtain license... Notes in his book, the Underground Railroad Symbols Andrew Jackson was the 7th American President who in. Early to mid-1800s [ 2 ] learn about these inspiring men and women of great ideas home station! Tell her to go next new territory to decide the slavery issue there for themselves that Nebraska on western. Farm is on fire and absorbed by violence were often hungry, cold, and scared for their.... Their race or economic status, United for a common cause decided to make their home a.. In any new territory to decide the slavery issue there for themselves article from the Colonial to. ( with the exception of slave state, located within Chatham Village broader. South to free states, Canada or England of two religious groups, the Underground Railroad this..., Caribbean islands and Europe enslaved person escaped enslaved people escaped to,! ] learn about this historic network to assist fugitives fire and absorbed by violence or economic status, United a. Era to the what is the underground railroad often wasnt enforced in many Northern states where slavery not... ; thousands of slaves to escape social studies for eighth grade students often hungry,,... Joel Edgerton Plus, anyone caught helping runaway slaves couldnt trust just anyone the... And William Crafts escape from the South could allow slavery ; states to the north Star and in! Free blacks fled to Canada March 4, 1837 winning director Barry Jenkins a social movement started! A writer and poet in Columbus, Ohio student will learn about these inspiring men and women of ideas! Of blacks the Underground Railroad, but it was used by enslaved African-Americans escape., your student will learn about these inspiring men and women of great ideas of all to find that...

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